History of Medicine

“Over millennia, its victims have included Neolithic dwellers, early Chinese and Greeks, princes, and paupers.”  Few ailments have reigned over mankind for centuries like malaria. Responsible for over half a million deaths each year, with 2/3rds of those being children under the age of five, the disease has claimed between 150 million and 300 million lives in the last century alone. Almost 5% of deaths in the 20th century have been attributed to malaria, according to Carter and Mendis, 2002. It is also spread throughout the globe, with 40% of the world's population living in areas where malaria is still a threat. However, about 95% of cases and deaths in 2021 belonged to sub-Saharan Africa. Given the significant threat to human lives that malaria presents, the prospect of a vaccine that could eradicate the disease from our populations is extremely attractive. Not only from a humanitarian viewpoint, but a medical one too, as it would herald a new age of health and medicine. However,

Malaria and Western Colonialism are intricately involved in history, with each having a profound effect on the other. As I wrote in an earlier post, it was the fear of malaria that protected Africa from colonization for many centuries. Labeling it the "white man's grave," European colonizers shunned the continent because of the high mortality rate suffered by Europeans who were not naturally immunized against African diseases like malaria. However, with the discovery of quinine in the 1850's, the Europeans finally found a way to combat the deadly disease, and the entire continent was colonized within thirty years. Quinine had such a far-reaching effect on the African subcontinent that it is often termed "the cure that changed the world." Map showing presence of malaria in Africa Colonization led to export of human labor from Africa, and with that, the export of malaria. Just as malaria had kept colonization out of Africa before, now colonization helped sprea

The face mask became ubiquitous during the covid-19 pandemic, but its history dates long before it became one of the most politically charged controversies of 2020. In fact, it was well-known and widely used by both medical personnel and the public during the 1918 flu pandemic and also became common in China and Korea during the SARS outbreak. Red Cross nurses wearing face masks during 1918 pandemic  But it had made an appearance centuries ago, as long back as the 1600s. Thanks to the miasma theory of disease, which attributed diseases to bad air, people often tried to protect themselves with cloth coverings on their faces during epidemics or while tending to the sick. The idea was the same as today's mask use but without an understanding of germs. This was most stark during the various plague outbreaks. Plague masks became common in the 1600s and were worn by doctors while treating the infected. The plague masks were however, rather comical with long elongated beaks and two nostri

Today on calendae Ianuariae , or first day of January, we celebrate the beginning of a new year. The Latin word Calendae means the first day of every month in the Roman calendar. (Rather obvious is the English word "calendar" that is derived from it.) Ianuarius is the month of January, named after Janus, the Roman god of all beginnings and origins, the guardian of doors, gateways, and passages, and the patron of agreements and alliances. There is no equivalent god to Janus in Greek mythology.  Two-faced Janus God looking backwards and forward Calendae Ianuariae became significant in 153 BC when Julius Caesar added two months before March to better align with the solar cycle. On this day, Roman consuls took office (instead of the traditional Ides of March as done earlier).  Julian calendar with the two additional months added before March On this Calendae Ianuariae, let's toast to new beginnings, new pathways, and a new future filled with limitless possibilities! Novus Ann

This summer, I got the opportunity of a lifetime with my internship at a renowned neurology lab at MGH. I am learning so much, not just about scientific processes and research procedures, but also about Alzheimer's disease, a terrible disease afflicting over 35 million people worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive (and currently incurable) brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, eventually leading to the inability to carry out even the most basic tasks such as walking and dressing. The lab focuses on the pathological pathway to Alzheimer’s disease, which is still not fully understood. More about my lab research can be found at https://www.massgeneral.org/neurology/research/tanzi-lab-genetics-and-aging.  Alzheimer's disease was first studied by (and is named after) Dr. Alois Alzheimer who was treating a patient with mental illness with severe memory loss, language problems, and unpredictable behavior.  After her death in 1906, Dr. Alzheimer exami

As I consider majoring in neurobiology (the study of the biological mechanisms that control the nervous system) in college, I thought it would be interesting to delve into the origins of neuroscience. For hundreds of years from the ancient Egyptians to the Greeks, humans believed that the seat of intellect was the heart (which is why the ancient Egyptians went to great lengths to preserve the heart after death but discarded the brain!)    The birth of neurology began 2500 years ago with Hippocrates who pondered over the purpose and functioning of the brain, reasoning that the brain must be the organ controlling sensation simply because most sensory organs - eyes, ears, and tongue -- are located close to the brain. This was starkly different from other opinions of the time which held that the heart was the main organ that controlled everything in humans. The brain was simply thought to be a "radiator" for pumping the heart and keeping it cool.  Later, Hippocrates expanded the

As we come to accept that the great covid-19 pandemic which started off as an epidemic is slowly becoming  endemic , it's worth noting the new additions to our vocabulary. These words that were likely "all Greek to you" before 2020, are indeed just that -- they are all in fact derived from ancient Greek! The word  epidemic was in use since at least the time of Homer which is around 600 BCE, and is mentioned in the Odyssey to mean "who is back home" or "who is in his country." However, it was first introduced to medical jargon, along with its closely associated words pandemic and endemic , by the ancient Greek doctor, Hippocrates.    Hippocrates' treatise on Epidemics  Evolution of the term Epidemics. Credit: Paul Martin And not just these but several other words that we have come to associate with the current pandemic (as well as other diseases) were also coined by Hippocrates and his medical school such as: Cytokine Chronic Resolution Peak Acute